{"id":226339,"date":"2025-08-27T07:03:31","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T07:03:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.museumtv.art\/artnews\/articles\/"},"modified":"2025-08-27T08:21:09","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T08:21:09","slug":"comic-book-the-9th-art","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.museumtv.art\/en\/artnews\/articles\/comic-book-the-9th-art\/","title":{"rendered":"Comic Book, the 9th Art"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A multitude of <\/a><\/span>definitions<\/span> are <\/span>given<\/span> to comics <\/span>depending<\/span> on the culture. <\/span>Some<\/span> place more <\/span>emphasis<\/span> on the <\/span>sequential<\/span> aspect of the images, <\/span>others<\/span> on <\/span>movement<\/span>. The <\/span>text<\/span>, <\/span>now<\/span> found<\/span> mostly<\/span> in speech <\/span>bubbles<\/span>, <\/span>is<\/span> not a <\/span>mandatory<\/span> component<\/span> of comics, but <\/span>it<\/span> contributes<\/span> to the <\/span>reader’s<\/span> understanding<\/span>. <\/span>However<\/span>, the <\/span>text<\/span> present<\/span> in <\/span>this<\/span> type of <\/span>work<\/span> cannot<\/span> function<\/span> independently<\/span>. It <\/span>would<\/span> mean<\/span> nothing<\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n\n

The 9th Art<\/span> <\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n\n

The expression “9th Art”<\/a> <\/span>to <\/span>refer<\/span> to comics <\/span>is<\/span> due to Claude <\/span>Beylie<\/span>. In the 1960s, <\/span>he<\/span> used<\/span> this<\/span> term<\/span> in an article <\/span>published<\/span> in <\/span><\/span>Lettres et M\u00e9decins.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n\n

The inspiration of fragments of images arranged one after the other to create a narrative is already something found on various ancient friezes. We must think in particular of the friezes of the Parthenon, which depict the processions of the Panathenaea. A procession culminating in the changing of the tunic of the statue of the goddess Athena. This takes place every four years when all the inhabitants of the city of Athens gather to honor Athena. <\/p>\n

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Relief from the north frieze of the Parthenon, Athens, 438-432 BC, marble, London, British Museum <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

But each civilization has its own visual codes and language. Thus, across the globe, the forms of written expression during the Middle Ages were diverse. They continue to influence comic strips today, whether in Europe, America, or Asia, for example. <\/p>\n\n

Comic Strips in Europe<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n\n

The Bayeux Tapestry is an exceptional work, nearly 70 meters long, created in 1066. It recounts the adventures of the conquest of England by the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror. This embroidery contains 58 scenes, including 626 figures and 202 horses. Some areas include writing. <\/p>\n

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\u201cHarold’s Oath of Allegiance to William of Normandy\u201d <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

In 1833, the Genevan writer and illustrator Rodolphe <\/a><\/span>T\u00f6pffer<\/span> published a book of prints, <\/span><\/span>The Story of Mr. Jabot<\/span><\/span><\/a>. This story tells the story of Mr. Jabot, who wishes to make his place in society. He is gifted with a lively mind and strives to blend into the world’s customs and traditions. Mr. Jabot goes to balls and hunting. The reader <\/span>witnesses<\/span> his adventures and blunders in a <\/span>comic<\/span> atmosphere.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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The Story of Mr Jabot<\/a>, Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

\u201c*Mr. Jabot is preparing to succeed in society, frequenting public promenades.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n\n

*Mr. Jabot feels he must have an ice cream at the nearest caf\u00e9.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n\n

*Having eaten his ice cream, Mr. Jabot gets back into position.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n\n

American Comics<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n\n

North America and Europe argue over the invention of comics. What is undeniable is that it was the Americans who brought the concept of speech bubbles to this ninth art. <\/p>\n\n

Beginning in 1896, Richard Felton Outcault<\/a> (1863-1928), for a page dedicated to a caricature in <\/span><\/span>The New York World<\/span><\/span> newspaper, invented a character that would become legendary: <\/span><\/span>The Yellow Kid<\/span><\/span><\/a>. This protagonist is striking. He is a bald child with crooked teeth. He wears a yellow nightgown and speaks in slang, far from bourgeois conventions. <\/span>A first<\/span> movement of the writing on the character’s clothing is visible.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Richard F. Outcault, Yellow Kid – The Yellow Kid indulges in a cock fight… A Waterloo, New York Journal, Published November 29, 1896 <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

Winsor McCay (1869-1934) is recognized as one of the fathers of American comic strips. In 1905, he published <\/span><\/span>Little Nemo in Slumberland <\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a>in an edition of the <\/span><\/span>New York Herald<\/span><\/span> newspaper. In it, the author describes the adventures of a child named Nemo who, every night, explores the world of his dreams, Slumberland. McCay introduced speech balloons, which would soon become <\/span>a standard<\/span> in comics.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Winsor McCay, <\/span><\/span>Nemo in Slumberland<\/span><\/span><\/a>, The New York Herald, October 1905<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

Japanese Comics<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n\n

Many art critics see <\/span>emakimono<\/span><\/a> as one of the earliest forms, prefiguring <\/span>manga<\/span> and animated <\/span>film<\/span>. It is <\/span>literally understood<\/span> as a “painted scroll” made of silk or paper. Its production began in the 8th century, during the Nara period, and reached its golden age in the 12th and 13th centuries in Japan. It is a narrative genre in which shots follow one another and form a chronicle. The calligraphed images and texts take on varying degrees of importance depending on the texts and their sources.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>
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Toba S\u014dj\u014d (1053-1140), Ch\u00f4j\u00fb jinbutsu giga (Scrolls of Birds and Animals), 11th-12th century, ink <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

Thus, the word manga<\/a> means “ridiculous story” or “quick sketch.” The unique style is easily recognizable, and the reading direction corresponds to that of Japanese, and therefore <\/span>emakimono<\/span>: from right to left. There are several types of manga, such as <\/span>kodomo<\/span> manga, shonen manga, shojo manga, seinen manga, josei manga, and hentai. These differences are made depending on the intended audience. <\/span><\/span> The drawings are divided into small panels<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n

Akira Toriyama<\/a> is one of the most famous manga artists, with his work <\/span><\/span>Dragon Ball<\/span><\/span><\/a>. This manga tells the story of the fictional character So Goku, whose strength is superhuman. He sets out to find the seven Dragon Balls, crystal balls that can summon a dragon that grants any wish. The fantasy of this story lies in the character’s superhuman abilities and extraterrestrial origins.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Akira Toriyama, Dragon Ball, 1984, first published in the Japanese magazine Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

A Wide Audience<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\n\n

Comics are often described as being aimed at a young audience. However, as with novels and other literary genres, each work has unique content and a suitable audience. <\/p>\n\n

Comics, through their playful visual aspect, also allow information to be conveyed more gently than if it had been written down alone. This is the case for <\/span><\/span>Maus<\/span><\/span> by Art Spiegelman. In a vivid narrative, he explores the life of his family, and more specifically that of his father Vladek, a Polish Jew deported to Auschwitz in 1944. The author describes the horror of the Holocaust <\/span>through the use of<\/span> animals. This helps us understand the separation of what Hitler called “races.” In <\/span><\/span>Maus<\/span><\/span>, Jews are represented by mice, Germans by cats, and Poles by pigs.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Comic Book, Maus<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n

Furthermore, just like many cartoons, novels, or films, comics sometimes include several levels of interpretation. <\/span>In particular, several<\/span> studies suggest that <\/span>Herg\u00e9<\/span> made extensive allusions to Freemasonry in his <\/span>numerous<\/span> <\/span>Tintin<\/span><\/span> albums.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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Fourteenth album of the comic book series The adventures of Tintin: The Temple of the Sun<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A multitude of definitions are given to comics depending on the culture. Some place more emphasis on the sequential aspect of the images, others on movement. The text, now found mostly in speech bubbles, is not a mandatory component of comics, but it contributes to the reader’s understanding. However, the text present in this type […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":226336,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1938],"tags":[2351,2562,2566,2424],"group":[544],"support":[],"class_list":["post-226339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-art-en","tag-comic","tag-mouvement-artistique-20-2000-artistic-movement","tag-museum-tv-en","group-decoding-art"],"yoast_head":"\nComic Book, the 9th Art - Museum TV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the history of comics around the world, from Antiquity to Japanese manga!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.museumtv.art\/en\/artnews\/articles\/comic-book-the-9th-art\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Comic Book, the 9th Art - 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